Before discussing the actions of the moth, Woolf first observes a congregation of rooks soaring around a tree. When introducing the rooks, Woolf describes them as engaging in "annual festivities". The rooks fly around and cause a raucous, which seems to be something that they find entertaining. Moreover, the narrator fails to question the intentions of the birds and accepts their flying around as if it is a "tremendously exciting experience".
The observations of the author, however, shift as he/she describes the moth. The moth flies around aimlessly and to the author, is "pathetic". She begins to feel pity for the moth because of its "meager opportunities". This pity eventually leads the author to avoid helping the moth when it is on the brink of death. The simplicity and purity of the moth's life yields the author to become aware that death is inevitable.
By the end of the story, it becomes apparent that the narrator realizes the power of death for all living things rather than just the moth. Woolf learns this because of the moth's capability of exposing life in its truest form. Unlike the moth, the rooks are able to express their lives more actively by flying around and making noise. The narrator does not feel pity for the rooks because they are able to mask the inevitability of death with their "festivities". However, Woolf makes her opinion towards death applicable to the rooks too by stating that the rooks fly around "as though" it were a "tremendously exciting experience". The addition of "as though" suggests that the rooks are actually not living a happy lifestyle. They are like the moth, except they have a visible way of masking the unavoidable nature of death; they distract themselves from death by flying around with their "clamor and vociferation".
By contrasting the outward appearance of the moth and the rooks, who both cannot escape death, Woolf applies the situation to humans. Humans go to school or work, play games with their friends, and participate in many other day-to-day activities. We cook, clean, play, hang, exercise, watch, tweet- and like the rooks, we kill time by creating excitement. We fill our schedules with activities in order to distract ourselves and ultimately, we attempt to avoid death. We avoid the fact that death is inevitable and feel pity for creatures that have "meager opportunities" like the moth but in essence, no matter how big the opportunities that we get as humans compared to other living organisms, we are all going to die just like the moth.